{"id":101,"date":"2020-05-30T16:56:06","date_gmt":"2020-05-30T16:56:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/?page_id=101"},"modified":"2020-10-14T04:18:37","modified_gmt":"2020-10-14T04:18:37","slug":"unit-4-syntax","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/?page_id=101","title":{"rendered":"Simple Sentence Structure"},"content":{"rendered":"

Words alone do not make a language. They must be placed in a sentence structure that follows specific grammar rules. There may be many components to a sentence: noun, verb, auxiliary verb, adjective, etc. Since this is an introductory lesson to sentence structure in Punjabi, we will focus on three basic components that make up a simple sentence: subject (noun or pronoun), object (noun, pronoun, or adjective), and verb.<\/p>\n

Rule of SOV (Subject \u2013 Object \u2013 Verb)<\/strong><\/p>\n

In English, the simple sentence structure is Subject \u2013 Verb \u2013 Object (SVO). In Punjabi, the simple sentence structure follows the SOV rule: Subject \u2013 Object \u2013 Verb.<\/p>\n

Consider the following example:<\/p>\n

Typical word order in English: (SVO)<\/p>\n

We\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 are\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 students.<\/p>\n

(Subject)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Verb)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Object)<\/p>\n

Typical word order in Punjabi (SOV):<\/p>\n

\u0a05\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a26\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a30\u0a25\u0a40\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02\u0964<\/p>\n

(Subject)\u00a0\u00a0 (Object)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Verb)<\/p>\n

The table below shows what subject<\/strong> goes with which conjugation of the verb <\/strong>\u0a39\u0a4b\u0a23\u0a3e (hona, to be). The … represents the object <\/strong>that would complete the phase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
English Equivalent<\/td>\nSingular<\/td>\nPlural<\/td>\nEnglish Equivalent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I \u2026 am<\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a02 \u2026 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02<\/td>\n\u0a05\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02 \u2026 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02<\/td>\nWe \u2026 are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
You \u2026 are<\/td>\n\u0a24\u0a42\u0a70 \u2026 \u0a39\u0a48\u0a02<\/td>\n\u0a24\u0a41\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02 \u2026 \u0a39\u0a4b<\/td>\nYou \u2026 are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
This\/that \u2026 is<\/td>\n\u0a07\u0a39 \/ \u0a09\u0a39 \u2026 \u0a39\u0a48<\/td>\n\u0a07\u0a39 \/ \u0a09\u0a39 \u2026 \u0a39\u0a28<\/td>\nThey \u2026 are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

For example, \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a4c\u0a39\u0a28 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 means \u201cI am John\u201d, \u0a07\u0a39 \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a48\u0a02 means \u201cthis is Karl\u201d, and \u0a09\u0a39 \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a28 means \u201cthey are kids\u201d. For negation, please note that \u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 (no) comes after the object and before the verb. For example, I am not sick \u2192 main bimaar nahi haan \u2192 \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a02 \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02\u0964<\/p>\n

In English, when we wish to change the number of an object, we change the ending of the word, usually by adding -s or -es. For example, one boy is singular, whereas two boys are plural. Objects in Punjabi change in the same way depending on their number and gender. Here is a chart showing how to change gender and number of an object in Punjabi using the word \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e (child) as a base:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nSingular<\/td>\nPlural<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Masculine<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e (\u0a06 )<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a47 (replace \u0a06 to \u0a0f)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feminine<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a40 (\u0a08)<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 (+\u0a06\u0a02)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As you can see, the word \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e can be used to express a child of any gender or any number of children. All you need to do is change the ending. You can use this chart with most nouns in Punjabi, though there are some exceptions.<\/p>\n

In English, there are some words that don\u2019t change depending on number or gender. For example, the word fish can be used to describe one fish or multiple fish. Other such words are sheep, swine, deer, and folk.<\/p>\n

In Punjabi, we also have similar exceptions. For example, \u0a07\u0a15 \u0a18\u0a30 (one house) or \u0a26\u0a4b \u0a18\u0a30 (two houses). As you can see, the word \u0a18\u0a30 is unchanged even when the number of houses change. Here are some common exceptions similar to \u0a18\u0a30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\u0a2a\u0a41\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30 son<\/td>\n\u0a15\u0a3f\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a2c book<\/td>\n\u0a15\u0a32\u0a2e pen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a17\u0a5b paper<\/td>\n\u0a24\u0a38\u0a35\u0a40\u0a30 picture<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a32\u0a2c bulb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

There are also adjectives that, when changing from masculine to feminine, only require a bihari to be added to the end. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nMasculine<\/td>\nFeminine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pigeon<\/td>\n\u0a15\u0a2c\u0a42\u0a24\u0a30<\/td>\n\u0a15\u0a2c\u0a42\u0a24\u0a30\u0a40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chicken<\/td>\n\u0a15\u0a41\u0a71\u0a15\u0a5c<\/td>\n\u0a15\u0a41\u0a71\u0a15\u0a5c\u0a40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Son \u2192 Daughter<\/td>\n\u0a2a\u0a41\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30<\/td>\n\u0a2a\u0a41\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30\u0a40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boy \u2192 Girl<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Male Cat \u2192 Female Cat<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32\u0a3e<\/td>\n\u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32\u0a40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Adjectives are often used as objects in sentences. For example, in the phrase \u201cI am Punjabi\u201d, the object is the adjective \u2018Punjabi\u2019. There are two rules that must be followed when using adjectives in a sentence:<\/p>\n

1) Adjectives come right before the object unless a negation is present, in which case the adjective is placed right before the negation.<\/p>\n

For example,<\/p>\n

He is a good boy \u2192 oh changa <\/strong>munda hai \u2192 \u0a09\u0a39 \u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a3e \u0a2e\u0a41\u0a70\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a48\u0964<\/p>\n

I am not Punjabi \u2192 main Punjabi <\/strong>nahi haan \u2192 \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a02 \u0a2a\u0a70\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a40 \u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02\u0964<\/p>\n

2) Adjectives must agree with the number and gender of the object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nEnglish Equivalent<\/td>\nSingular<\/td>\nPlural<\/td>\nEnglish Equivalent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Masculine<\/td>\nI am a good boy<\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a02 \u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a3e \u0a2e\u0a41\u0a70\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02\u0964<\/td>\n\u0a05\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a41\u0a70\u0a21\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a70\u0964<\/td>\nWe are good boys<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Feminine<\/td>\nI am a good girl.<\/td>\n\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a02 \u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a5c\u0a40 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02\u0964<\/td>\n\u0a05\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a5c\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nYou are a good girl<\/td>\n\u0a24\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a5c\u0a40 \u0a39\u0a48\u0a02\u0964<\/td>\n\u0a24\u0a41\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a5c\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0964<\/td>\nYou \u2026 are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nThis\/that is a good<\/td>\n\u0a07\u0a39 \/ \u0a09\u0a39 \u2026 \u0a39\u0a48<\/td>\n\u0a07\u0a39 \/ \u0a09\u0a39 \u2026 \u0a39\u0a28<\/td>\nThey \u2026 are<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The Punjabi language has exceptions for adjectives just like any language. Some Punjabi adjectives do not end in the -a\/-e sound like \u0a59\u0a42\u0a2c\u0a38\u0a42\u0a30\u0a24 (beautiful) which stays the same regardless of gender\/number of the object. For example, consider \u0a59\u0a42\u0a2c\u0a38\u0a42\u0a30\u0a24 \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e (beautiful child) & \u0a59\u0a42\u0a2c\u0a38\u0a42\u0a30\u0a24 \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a47 (beautiful children).<\/p>\n

Finally, here are some common adjectives to help you form your first sentences:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0a20\u0a40\u0a15 okay<\/td>\n\u0a59\u0a41\u0a36 happy<\/td>\n\u0a28\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a5b upset<\/td>\n\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a5e clean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a3e good<\/td>\n\u0a09\u0a26\u0a3e\u0a38 sad<\/td>\n\u0a17\u0a30\u0a2e \/ \u0a24\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e hot<\/td>\n\u0a17\u0a70\u0a26\u0a3e dirty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a5c\u0a3e bad<\/td>\n\u0a17\u0a41\u0a71\u0a38\u0a47 angry<\/td>\n\u0a20\u0a70\u0a22\u0a3e cold<\/td>\n\u0a05\u0a71\u0a1b\u0a3e alright\/okay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Here are some example sentences:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sentence \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>S O V \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>S V O<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a02\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0a15\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a40\u0a05\u0a28\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02\u0964 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u201cI Canadian am\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u201cI am Canadian\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

\u0a05\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0a2e\u0a41\u0a70\u0a21\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02\u0964\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWe boys are\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u201cWe are boys\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

\u0a24\u0a42\u0a70\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a16\u0a41\u0a36\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0a39\u0a48\u0a02\u0964\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u201cYou happy are\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2192 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u201cYou are happy\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

\u0a07\u0a39\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a39\u0a48\u0964 \u00a0 \u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThis car is\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThis is a car\u201d[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\u0a09\u0a39\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a2c\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0a39\u0a48\u0964\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u201cThat book is\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u201cThat is a book\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

\u0a24\u0a41\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a26\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a30\u0a25\u0a40\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0964\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cYou students are\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u201cYou are students\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

\u0a09\u0a39\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a15\u0a41\u0a5c\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0a39\u0a28\u0964 \u00a0 \u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u201cThey girls are\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2192\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cThey are girls\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> Note that the Punjabi language does not utilize articles. Whereas in English we would say \u201cThis is a car\u201d or \u201cThis is the car\u201d, in Punjabi we simply say \u201cThis is car.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Words alone do not make a language. They must be placed in a sentence structure that follows specific grammar rules. There may be many components to a sentence: noun, verb, auxiliary verb, adjective, etc. Since this is an introductory lesson to sentence structure in Punjabi, we will focus on three basic components that make up … Continue reading Simple Sentence Structure<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":9,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/101"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=101"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/101\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":484,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/101\/revisions\/484"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}