{"id":70,"date":"2020-05-30T14:47:49","date_gmt":"2020-05-30T14:47:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/?page_id=70"},"modified":"2020-09-07T19:09:04","modified_gmt":"2020-09-07T19:09:04","slug":"unit-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/?page_id=70","title":{"rendered":"Vowels"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p>In English, 5 vowels (A, E, I, O, and U) are used to make 15 vowel sounds. In Punjabi, 10 vowel accents are used to make 10 vowel sounds. Whereas in English specific letters in the alphabet are used as vowel sounds, in Punjabi specialized characters known as <em>vowel accents<\/em> modify the sound of any script character to create vowel sounds.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"649\" height=\"279\" class=\"wp-image-73\" src=\"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Screen-Shot-2020-04-08-at-10.33.06-AM.png\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>Vowel letters and derived<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The 10 vowel accents are derived from the 3 vowel characters \u0a73, \u0a05, and \u0a72. \u0a05 is the only vowel that may be used without a modifying vowel accent. The other two vowels must be used alongside their corresponding vowel accents. Remember from lesson 2 that every consonant letter is followed by an inherent \u201ca\u201d sound. That \u201ca\u201d sound is the first of the 10 vowel sounds of the Punjabi language. The rest of the vowel sounds are created by vowel accents. Any Gurumukhi script character can be modified using a vowel accent to produce a different sound from the inherent \u201ca\u201d sound that follows every letter. Let\u2019s look at which modifying vowel accents are derived from which vowel.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>\u0a09 is like <strong>oo<\/strong> in look. \u0a0a is like <strong>oo<\/strong> in room. \u0a13 is like <strong>o<\/strong> in open.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0a06 is like <strong>a<\/strong> in father. \u0a10 is like <strong>a <\/strong>in app. \u0a14 is like <strong>a <\/strong>in odd.<\/li>\r\n<li>\u0a07 is like <strong>i<\/strong> in it. \u0a08 is like <strong>ee <\/strong>in meet. \u0a0f is like <strong>a<\/strong> in aim.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Before I start explaining each of these sounds, I want to make clear that you don\u2019t need to remember the names of these vowel accents, only their sounds. If you would still like to learn the sounds in relation to their names, that option will also be there. Also, wherever you see an o-shaped figure before, after, under, or on top of a vowel sound, that symbol means that the character should go in its place. For example, \u0a40 is a vowel sound on its own, but \u0a15 takes the place of the o and becomes \u0a15\u0a40. Let\u2019s begin by seeing the placement of vowel accents on \u0a15.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15 (mukta) means free in Punjabi. \u0a15 just by itself is a free character, so it would be pronounced without any accents. For example, think of the \u201cword\u201d cup in English.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15 + \u0a2a = \u0a15\u0a2a = cup<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15\u0a3e (kanna \u0a3e) is equivalent to an elongated \u201ca\u201d sound that can be seen in the English word \u201ccar\u201d. An easy way to remember this vowel sound is that \u201ckanna\u201d means ear in Punjabi, so \u0a15\u0a3e looks like the character \u0a15 with an ear.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15\u0a3e + \u0a30 = \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 = car<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15\u0a3f (sihari \u0a3f) is equivalent to the soft \u201ci\u201d sound in the English word <em>kit<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15\u0a3f + \u0a1f = \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a1f = kit<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15\u0a40 (bihari \u0a40) is equivalent to an elongated \u201cee\u201d sound that can be seen in the English words <em>keep <\/em>and <em>cream<\/em>. An easy way to remember it is that bihari comes behind the character.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15\u0a40 + \u0a2a = \u0a15\u0a40\u0a2a = keep<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15\u0a47 (lavan \u0a47) is equivalent to the \u201ca\u201d sound in the English words <em>cape <\/em>and <em>Kate<\/em>. The best way to remember the name of this vowel sound is that lavan is similar to the English word <em>line<\/em>; you are adding a line on top of the character.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15\u0a47 + \u0a2a = \u0a15\u0a47\u0a2a = cape<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15\u0a48 (dolavan \u0a48) is equivalent to the lazy \u201ca\u201d sound in the English word <em>cat<\/em>. \u201cDo\u201d in Punjabi means two. The best way to memorize this vowel accent is to see it as two lines instead of one (lavan). Doubling the weight on the character would make the sound lazy from exhaustion.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15\u0a48 + \u0a1f = \u0a15\u0a48\u0a1f = cat<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15\u0a41 (ankard \u0a41) is equivalent to the soft \u201cu\u201d sound in the English word <em>cook<\/em>. The best way to remember this vowel accent is that it literally looks like as if a U was placed under the character.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15\u0a41 + \u0a15 = \u0a15\u0a41\u0a15 = cook<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15\u0a42 (dolankard \u0a42) is equivalent to the heavy \u201cu\u201d or \u201coo\u201d sound in the English word <em>cool<\/em>. Think of this vowel accent like this: two Us under a character would add an elongated \u201cu\u201d or \u201coo\u201d sound.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15\u0a42 + \u0a32 = \u0a15\u0a42\u0a32 = cool<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15\u0a4b (horda \u0a4b) is equivalent to the \u201coh\u201d sound in the English word <em>cone<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15\u0a4b + \u0a28 = \u0a15\u0a4b\u0a28 = cone<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\u0a15\u0a4c (kanaurda \u0a4c) is equivalent to the \u201co\u201d sound in the English word <em>cop<\/em>. Here again you see the prefix <em>kan<\/em> which means ear. This vowel accent also looks like an ear, just on top of the character.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u0a15\u0a4c + \u0a2a = \u0a15\u0a4c\u0a2a = cop<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"556\" height=\"193\" class=\"wp-image-74\" src=\"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Screen-Shot-2020-04-08-at-10.45.00-AM.png\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>English vowel letters vs Punjabi vowel accents<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Rules for Using Vowel Accents<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>One letter, whether it is a vowel or a consonant, can be modified by only one vowel accent.<\/li>\r\n<li>If a word is composed of two vowel sounds in a row, a vowel letter and its corresponding vowel accent must be used to create the second vowel sound.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>An important thought to keep in mind: whereas each English vowel can create different sounds depending on the specific word in which it appears, each Punjabi vowel accent creates only one specific vowel sound. For example, the sound of the English vowel \u2018a\u2019 is different in the word mat than it is in the word mate. In Punjabi, each vowel accent creates only one vowel sound so two different vowel accents would create these two sounds.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In English, 5 vowels (A, E, I, O, and U) are used to make 15 vowel sounds. In Punjabi, 10 vowel accents are used to make 10 vowel sounds. Whereas in English specific letters in the alphabet are used as vowel sounds, in Punjabi specialized characters known as vowel accents modify the sound of any &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/?page_id=70\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Vowels<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=70"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":453,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70\/revisions\/453"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}