Nasal markers and geminate symbol are signs added to Gurmukhi characters for the purpose of adding extra sound. In this lesson, we will go over two nasal markers called tippi and bindi, one stress marker (geminate) called Adhak, and conjunct consonants.<\/p>\n
Nasal Markers: TIPPI AND BINDI<\/strong><\/p>\n Tippi \u0a05\u0a70<\/strong> — tippi is the downwards-facing semi-circle above \u0a06; takes the sound \u2018n or \u2018m<\/p>\n \u0a38\u0a70\u0a17<\/p>\n Bindi \u0a06\u0a02<\/strong> — bindi is the dot above \u0a06; takes the sound \u2018n or \u2018m<\/p>\n \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a02<\/p>\n The two nasal markers bindi and tippi are used with vowel letters to nasalize their sounds. Here are the vowel letters with bindi\/tippi attached to them:<\/p>\n Notice that kanna and sihari are exceptions in that the top bar is not clear. Kanna uses bindi while sihari uses tippi.<\/p>\n In English, nasal markers are added to the following letter. For example, think of the English word \u201cand\u201d. The \u2018n sound affects d more than a. In Punjabi, nasal markers are added to the preceding letter. Both of these markers are placed above the letters they follow. Look at the same word \u201cand\u201d but in Punjabi. In Punjabi, it would be written as \u0a10\u0a02\u0a21.<\/p>\n Bindi and tippi make the same sounds, but bindi is only used in situations where a tippi cannot be placed above the letter. In other words, if there\u2019s no room for a tippi above the letter, use the bindi instead.<\/p>\n Knowing that, how would we write the word \u201counce\u201d in Punjabi? Well, so far we can construct the majority of the word by using \u0a06 + \u0a09 + \u0a38 giving us \u201couce\u201d, but what about the missing nasally \u201cn\u201d sound that comes within that? We can\u2019t use \u0a28 (na) because that would make the word \u0a06\u0a09\u0a28\u0a38 or \u201counace\u201d. We also cannot use a tippi here because there is no room for it above \u0a09. Thus, by using a bindi the final word becomes \u0a06\u0a09\u0a02\u0a38.<\/p>\n Let\u2019s take a look at a word where tippi would be used instead. We can start constructing the word \u201csince\u201d in Gurmukhi by using \u0a38\u0a3f + \u0a38, giving us \u201csis\u201d. We can\u2019t use \u0a28 (na) because that would make the word \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a28\u0a38 or \u201csinas\u201d. We can avoid using a bindi as there is ample room for a tippi above \u0a38\u0a3f. As such, we get \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a38 or \u201csince\u201d.<\/p>\n In English, we use same letter for both sounds, but in Punjabi, we use bindi\/tippi for a nasally n sound and the full n character for when we want to pronounce the full n sound. For example, use bindi\/tippi in words like grand<\/p>\n Example 1<\/strong>: transliterate the following words. <\/span><\/p>\n 1. Pond <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a21<\/span><\/p>\n 2. Lamb <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0a32\u0a48\u0a02\u0a2c<\/span><\/p>\n 3. Hand <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0a39\u0a48\u0a02\u0a21<\/span><\/p>\n 4. Science <\/span>\u2192<\/span>\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a70\u0a38<\/span><\/p>\n 5. Sense <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0a38\u0a48\u0a02\u0a38<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Stress Marker (Gemination):<\/strong><\/p>\n Adhak \u0a05\u0a71 — adhak is the upwards-facing semi-circle above \u0a06<\/p>\n Adhak is a germinator used to reinforce the sound of the consonant that follows. You can think of adhak as being a double letter in English and the stressing of the sound that comes with it. For example, look at the following words in English: Pull and stress. By pronouncing these words out loud, you can hear the difference between them and \u201cpul\u201d and \u201cstres\u201d.<\/p>\n Using an adhak is like pausing right between a word at a certain character, allowing no air to escape, and then proceeding. To stress the sound of a character in a word, place the adhak on the top-left of the letter it is stressing. For example, look at the word \u0a2c\u0a1a\u0a3e (bachaa) which means \u201cto save\u201d in Punjabi. Adding an adhak on the top-left of \u0a2c\u0a1a\u0a3e makes it \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e, completing transforming the word. \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e means child or kid in Punjabi. In \u0a2c\u0a1a\u0a3e (bachaa), the first a is barely pronounced while the second a sound is elongated (this second elongated a is called the lamka in Punjabi). In \u0a2c\u0a71\u0a1a\u0a3e (bach<\/em>a), the first a is also barely pronounced while the main emphasis is placed on ch \u0a1a.<\/p>\n In modern times, adhak is rarely ever written as grammarians have collectively decided that it is implied in some important Punjabi words. For example, \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a (in), \u0a05\u0a71\u0a16 (eye) , \u0a28\u0a71\u0a15 (nose), and \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 (one) can all be written without the adhak stress marker.<\/p>\n Take a look at the words \u201cassess\u201d and \u201ccensus\u201d in Punjabi for more examples.<\/p>\n \u0a05 +\u0a38\u0a48\u0a71 + \u0a38 = \u0a05\u0a38\u0a48\u0a71\u0a38 = assess<\/p>\n \u0a17\u0a71 + \u0a32 = \u0a17\u0a71\u0a32 = \u0a17\u0a71\u0a32<\/p>\n Lastly, the tippi nasal market can also be used as a germinator in rare cases. A prominent exception is \u0a15\u0a70\u0a2e (work). Without the tippi, it is pronounced exactly the same as the English word \u201ccome\u201d, and means \u201cless\u201d in Punjabi and Hindi. With the tippi, the -m sound is much more emphasized.<\/p>\n Example 2<\/strong>: what are the equivalents of these words in English? <\/span><\/p>\n 1. <\/span>\u0a06\u0a09\u0a02\u0a38<\/span> \u2192<\/span> ounce<\/span><\/p>\n 2. <\/span>\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a70\u0a38<\/span> \u2192<\/span> science<\/span><\/p>\n 3. <\/span>\u0a10\u0a02\u0a2c\u0a42\u0a32\u0a48\u0a02\u0a38<\/span> \u2192<\/span> ambulance<\/span><\/p>\n 4. <\/span>\u0a1c\u0a70\u0a2c\u0a4b<\/span> \u2192<\/span> jumbo<\/span><\/p>\n 5. <\/span>\u0a10\u0a15\u0a38\u0a40\u0a21\u0a48\u0a02\u0a1f<\/span> \u2192<\/span> accident<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Conjunct Consonants<\/strong><\/p>\n Three consonants are used in Punjabi as conjuncts. They are added to the \u201cfoot\u201d of the consonant you wish to change the pronunciation of. These are:<\/p>\n \u0a39 \u2192 \u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39 as in \u0a1c\u0a17\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e (\u2018jagha, place) or \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e (\u2018vajha, reason)<\/p>\n \u0a30 \u2192 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30 as in \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a5e\u0a48\u0a38\u0a30 (\u2018professor, professor) or \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a1f\u0a30 (\u2018printer, printer)<\/p>\n \u0a35 \u2192 \u0a38\u0a4d\u0a35 as in \u0a38\u0a4d\u0a35\u0a40\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 (\u2018sveekar, accept)<\/p>\n The purpose of conjunct consonants is to add pronunciation variety. For example, if we spell the word \u2018professor as \u0a2a\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a2b\u0a48\u0a38\u0a30, you would pronounce it as \u201cparofessor\u201d which sounds wrong. As such, when you use conjunct consonants, you don\u2019t hear the syllable -a that usually comes after a character. The two consonant sounds fuse together.<\/p>\n \u0a35 isn\u2019t really used as a conjunct consonant anymore, so you don\u2019t have to memorize it.<\/p>\n Example 3<\/strong>: write the following words in Punjabi. <\/span><\/p>\n 1. Professor <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a5e\u0a48\u0a38\u0a30<\/span><\/p>\n 2. Grand <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0a17\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a48\u0a02\u0a21<\/span><\/p>\n 3. Swan <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0a38\u0a4d\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a28<\/span><\/p>\n 4. Drastic <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0a21\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a15<\/span><\/p>\n 5. Pardh (read) <\/span>\u2192<\/span> \u0a2a\u0a5c\u0a4d\u0a39<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Nasal markers and geminate symbol are signs added to Gurmukhi characters for the purpose of adding extra sound. In this lesson, we will go over two nasal markers called tippi and bindi, one stress marker (geminate) called Adhak, and conjunct consonants. Nasal Markers: TIPPI AND BINDI Tippi \u0a05\u0a70 — tippi is the downwards-facing semi-circle above … Continue reading Markers and Conjunct Consonants<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/99"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=99"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/99\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":472,"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/99\/revisions\/472"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/punjabi.lrc.columbia.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=99"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n\n
\n <\/td>\n Mukta<\/td>\n Kanna<\/td>\n Sihari<\/td>\n Bihari<\/td>\n Lavan<\/td>\n Dolavan<\/td>\n Aunkard<\/td>\n Dolainkard<\/td>\n Horda<\/td>\n Kanaurda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Vowel letter<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a70<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a02<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a70<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a40\u0a02<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a47\u0a02<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a48\u0a02<\/td>\n \u0a1c\u0a41\u0a70<\/td>\n \u0a35\u0a42\u0a70<\/td>\n \u0a21\u0a4b\u0a02<\/td>\n \u0a21\u0a4c\u0a02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Punjabi<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a70\u0a17<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a2c\u0a30<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a17<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a40\u0a02\u0a17<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a47\u0a02\u0a1f<\/td>\n \u0a38\u0a48\u0a02\u0a21<\/td>\n \u0a1c\u0a41\u0a70\u0a17<\/td>\n \u0a35\u0a42\u0a70\u0a21<\/td>\n \u0a21\u0a4b\u0a02\u0a1f<\/td>\n \u0a21\u0a4c\u0a02\u0a17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n English<\/td>\n Sung<\/td>\n Somber<\/td>\n Sing<\/td>\n Seeing<\/td>\n Saint<\/td>\n Sand<\/td>\n Jung<\/td>\n Wound<\/td>\n Don\u2019t<\/td>\n Daung<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n